Design and Development of an IoT-Based Monitoring and Control System for Dual Lithium-Ion Battery Charging Using Photovoltaic Energy

Gurum Ahmad Pauzi; Herlambang Sihombing; Junaidi; Sri Wahyu Suciyati

doi:10.23960/jemit.196

Authors

Gurum Ahmad Pauzi Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung 35145
Herlambang Sihombing Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung 35145
Junaidi Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung 35145
Sri Wahyu Suciyati Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung 35145

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.23960/jemit.196

Keywords:

Thingspeak, NodeMCU ESP32, Monitoring, Lithium Ion, Sensor

Abstract

Despite the growing demand for eco-friendly electric vehicles powered by renewable solar energy, conventional battery management systems do not offer effective remote tracking nor do they efficiently handle charging path switching between dual batteries. To resolve this limitation, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring and control system was developed for dual Lithium-ion batteries (48 V 20 Ah) powered by a 100 Wp solar panel. The architecture utilizes a NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller, a ThingSpeak platform, and a Twilio-based WhatsApp Bot for remote execution. Experimental evaluations spanning 390-minute daily cycles demonstrated that measurement errors did not exceed 3.35% (Voltage Sensor I and II achieved 97.53% and 96.65% accuracy, respectively). Furthermore, data transmission on ThingSpeak did not cause operational instability with an average latency of 10.3 seconds, while WhatsApp Bot commands took no longer than 3.72 seconds on average to activate relay responses (2.31–7.40 seconds). During charge–discharge cycles, Battery I gained +4.99 V during charging and lost -5.14 V during discharging, whereas Battery II lost -4.76 V during discharging and gained +5.40 V during charging. Overall, the designed prototype encountered no failures in tracking voltage dynamics or executing automated path switching, confirming its viability for smart renewable energy management.

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