Journal of Energy, Material, and Instrumentation Technology

Performance Evaluation of a Microcontroller-Based 350 W BLDC Motor Control System

2026-02-20T05:26:58+00:00

Electric vehicles are increasingly adopted as a strategic solution for reducing carbon emissions, yet their overall performance is strongly influenced by reliability, responsiveness, and energy efficiency. This study presents a performance evaluation of a microcontroller-based speed-control system for a 350 W brushless DC (BLDC) motor, developed using low-cost components with potential for local manufacturing. The proposed system incorporates a throttle input, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) for speed regulation, three Hall-effect sensors for rotor position feedback, and an Arduino Nano controller integrated with an IR2110 driver and a three-phase HY4008 MOSFET inverter. A series of subsystem level tests, covering the power supply, control units, signal amplification, sensing, and motor operation, were conducted under no-load and loaded conditions using a 250 W generator as the mechanical load. The results indicate that the power supply remained stable within 50.5 50.7 V, and the IR2110 effectively amplified the 5.119 V PWM signal to 10.41 11.47 V. Hall sensor frequency increased from 129 Hz at 30% throttle to 179 Hz at 100% throttle, reflecting improved commutation synchronization with rising rotor speed. The motor achieved a speed increase of 90.8% from 220.7 rpm to 421.2 rpm under no-load, whereas under load it increased from 137.8 rpm to 356.4 rpm (an increase of 158.6%). These findings confirm that increasing the PWM duty cycle enhances electromagnetic torque and maintains rotor-stator synchronization across varying load conditions. The study demonstrates that a low-side PWM strategy with six-step commutation can be effectively implemented using low-cost hardware, supporting domestic innovation in electric vehicle technology and contributing to sustainable, low-emission transportation development.

Carbon-Ion Radiotherapy for Oral Non-Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Clinical and Radiophysical Perspectives for Indonesia

2026-04-10T03:21:26+00:00

Oral non-squamous cell carcinoma (non-SCC) represents a radioresistant malignancy that often responds poorly to conventional X-ray radiotherapy. This resistance creates major clinical challenges, especially in resource-limited settings such as Indonesia. Carbon-ion radiotherapy (C-ion RT) has emerged as an advanced treatment modality that offers superior dose distribution and higher biological effectiveness, making it particularly promising for tumors that are refractory to photon therapy. A systematic narrative review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 framework. Literature searches in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect (January 2013-June 2024) used the terms "carbon-ion radiotherapy," "oral cancer," "non-squamous cell carcinoma," "clinical outcome," and "toxicity." Studies reporting quantitative data on treatment outcomes were included and analyzed descriptively from both clinical and medical physics perspectives. Thirty-two eligible studies were reviewed, including data from Japan, Germany, and Italy. Across these cohorts, C-ion RT achieved a mean 5-year local control rate of 78.8% and an overall survival rate of 58.3%, outperforming conventional X-ray radiotherapy and demonstrating superiority over proton therapy in biological effectiveness (RBE about 2-3). The dominant acute toxicity was mild-to-moderate oral mucositis (about 28%, grade 1-2), while late osteoradionecrosis occurred in 10-14% of cases but was largely manageable with conservative care. C-ion RT offers a unique combination of physical precision and biological potency that makes it highly effective for radioresistant oral cancers. For Indonesia, its gradual implementation, supported by international collaboration, workforce training, and national policy integration, could enhance cancer treatment capacity and stimulate innovation in medical physics and radiotherapy technology. This review also discusses the strategic readiness for integrating C-ion RT into Indonesia's healthcare system.

Bioremediation of Oil Spill using Dried Coconut Husk as an Absorbent Material

2026-05-08T05:08:28+00:00

Oil spills represent a serious environmental hazard, particularly to marine ecosystems. This study explores the use of dry coconut husk, an abundant agricultural waste, as a natural sorbent for oil spill remediation. The oil absorption performance of coarse and powdered coconut husk was evaluated under various conditions, including different contact times, absorbent masses, and oil–water mixtures. A commercial oil absorbent pad (SABER) was used as a benchmark. Results show that powdered coconut husk has higher absorption capacity and efficiency compared to coarse husk, attributed to its finer particle size and increased surface area. In oil–water systems, powdered husk exhibited selective oil uptake with minimal water absorption, approaching the performance of the commercial pad. These findings highlight the potential of coconut husk as a biodegradable, low-cost, and sustainable sorbent material, especially in resource-limited settings. Its direct use without chemical modification supports practical applications and aligns with circular economy principles. Further optimization and field-scale validation are recommended to enhance its applicability in real spill scenarios.

Strain-Tunable Anisotropic Rashba Splitting in Janus VSTe Monolayer: A First-Principles Study

2026-04-20T08:37:09+00:00

This study investigates the Rashba effect in a Janus VSTe monolayer using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We identify an anisotropic Rashba splitting near the Gamma point in the first Brillouin zone, which is further analyzed through k.p perturbation theory and symmetry group analysis. Our work identifies a highly tunable anisotropic Rashba effect in the Janus VSTe monolayer, revealing that third-order terms in the Hamiltonian play a critical role in governing its spin-splitting characteristics. Our results reveal that the first-order Rashba parameter (alpha_1) for the pristine Janus VSTe monolayer is 0.055 eV A along the Gamma-K path. Furthermore, biaxial strain engineering effectively modulates these characteristics, where a 5% tensile strain significantly enhances the Rashba splitting, reaching an alpha_1 value of 0.095 eV A. These findings highlight the Janus VSTe monolayer as a promising candidate for next-generation spintronic devices, such as spin-field effect transistors, where controllable spin splitting is essential for device functionality.

Microwave Absorbing Properties of Epoxy-SiO2-Fe3O4 Hybrid Coatings on Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation-Treated Aluminum 6061

2026-04-23T04:39:00+00:00

The escalation of radar detection technology has driven an urgent need for microwave-absorbing materials in stealth technology applications. This study investigates the microwave absorption capabilities of an Epoxy-SiO2-Fe3O4 hybrid composite coating applied to Aluminum 6061 substrates treated with Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO). The incorporation of 5 g/L malonic acid during the PEO process produced an oxide base layer with a thickness of 5.14 +/- 0.89 um, featuring microporous characteristics that facilitate a mechanical interlocking mechanism for the composite layer. Variations in functional filler compositions (S, F, SF1, SF2, and SF3) were exclusively tested using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) across the X-band frequency range (8-12 GHz). The results indicated that all samples exhibited resonance peaks within the 8.7-9.26 GHz range. The most significant absorption was achieved by sample S (100% SiO2) with a Reflection Loss (RL) value of -2.34 dB at 9.26 GHz, followed by sample SF3 (75% SiO2 : 25% Fe3O4) with an RL value of -1.91 dB at 9.02 GHz. This performance demonstrates the dominance of the dielectric loss mechanism at high frequencies, while the addition of Fe3O4 plays a strategic role in modifying magnetic permeability to optimize impedance matching. Although the RL values have not yet reached the technical threshold of -10 dB due to single-coat thickness limitations, the integration of PEO and functional hybrid layers successfully reduced microwave reflection intensity systematically on conductive metal surfaces.

Performance Analysis of Electric Motorcycles as Logistics Vehicles

2026-04-23T04:40:43+00:00

This study analyzes the performance of a 3000 W Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor implemented in the E-Ninja Tel-U Surabaya electric motorcycle, which was converted from a conventional motorcycle for logistics applications. The research focuses on evaluating energy consumption, motor efficiency, and vehicle performance under different operational conditions. Testing was conducted using a 72 V 24 Ah lithium-ion battery system with variations in speed ranging from 30–60 km/h and payloads of 100 kg and 150 kg. The analysis includes charging–discharging characteristics, traction force calculations, rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, climbing force, and acceleration force. Electrical parameters such as voltage, current, power, and energy consumption were measured using a PZEM Energy Meter, while speed and travel distance were monitored through a GPS Speedometer application. The results show that higher vehicle speed and heavier payload significantly increase power consumption due to greater aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, and motor workload. The most efficient operating condition was achieved at speeds of 30–40 km/h with the lowest energy consumption of 29.27 Wh/km. Increasing the load from 100 kg to 150 kg caused proportional growth in energy consumption because the motor required higher torque to maintain constant speed. In addition, the 72 V battery charging system with a 5 A charger demonstrated stable and efficient three-stage charging performance within approximately five hours. The findings indicate that BLDC-based electric motorcycle conversion is a feasible and sustainable transportation solution for logistics operations, supporting energy efficiency and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to clean energy and carbon emission reduction.

Development of a Sensor-Based Telemonitoring System for Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, pH, and TDS in Floating Net Cage Aquaculture

2026-05-13T06:30:26+00:00

Aquaculture using Floating Net Cage (FNC) systems in Lake Ranau, Lumbok Seminung District, West Lampung Regency, has expanded rapidly, with approximately 600 FNC units currently in operation. However, recurrent upwelling events frequently cause mass fish mortality and deterioration of water quality. Variations in temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS) significantly influence the overall water quality of the lake. To address these challenges, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based water quality telemonitoring system was developed for aquaculture applications, integrating temperature, DO, pH, and TDS sensors with an ESP32 microcontroller. Water quality data are transmitted in real time to the ThingsBoard platform, enabling continuous remote monitoring. Sensor performance evaluation demonstrated high measurement accuracy, with average accuracies of 98.87% for temperature, 98.37% for DO, 97.59% for pH, and 97.36% for TDS. These results indicate that the proposed telemonitoring system is reliable and effective for supporting water quality management in floating net cage aquaculture systems. Field testing conducted in the FNC system at Lake Ranau showed that the lake water quality was within safe limits, with temperature ranging from 25.32 °C to 29.15 °C, DO from 3.93 ppm to 7.48 ppm, pH values between 6.03 and 7.4, and TDS values below 1000 ppm.

Immobilization of Tungsten Oxide (WO3) Material on Glass Substrate Using the Direct Spray Deposition (DSD) Method

2026-05-13T08:16:41+00:00

Tungsten oxide (WO3) is a semiconductor material with promising potential for photocatalytic applications due to its visible-light response and good chemical stability. In this study, WO3 films were successfully immobilized on glass substrates using a combination of photodeposition and Direct Spray Deposition (DSD) methods. The precursor solution was prepared from ammonium paratungstate, followed by photodeposition under visible-light irradiation and deposition onto heated glass substrates using the DSD technique. The deposited films were annealed at temperatures of 500 degC, 600 degC, and 650 degC. Structural characterization was performed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), while surface morphology was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). XRD results revealed that increasing the annealing temperature improved the crystallinity of the films and induced phase transformations from W5O14 to W25O73 and W18O49 phases. SEM observations showed that higher annealing temperatures produced denser and more uniform film surfaces, with plate-like morphologies clearly observed at 650 degC. These findings demonstrate that annealing temperature strongly influences the structural and morphological characteristics of WO3 films prepared by the DSD method.

Effect of Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Mass Addition, Temperature and Holding Time on the Characteristics of Composite Ceramics from Coal Bottom Ash, Waste Aluminum Cans and Bittern Water

2024-06-24T06:54:10+00:00

The synthesis of silica and alumina from coal bottom ash and aluminum can waste was carried out to produce raw materials for composite ceramics. This study aimed to analyze the chemical characteristics of silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) extracted from coal bottom ash and aluminum can waste, evaluate the physical properties of the resulting composite ceramics, and compare their quality with commercially produced ceramic materials. Silica was extracted from coal bottom ash using the sol-gel method, while composite ceramics were prepared using the solid-state method. The ceramic samples were fabricated with MgO additions of 0, 10, and 15 wt%, sintering temperatures ranging from 800 to 1100 degC, and holding times of 2, 3, and 4 h. Physical characterization included density, porosity, water absorption, and compressive strength measurements. Chemical composition was analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), while compressive strength was determined using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The characterization results showed that the extracted silica and alumina contained 43.51% SiO2 and 31.01% Al2O3, respectively. The optimum ceramic sample exhibited a density of 1.42 g/cm3, porosity of 45.66%, water absorption of 32.11%, and compressive strength of 2.37 MPa. Although the synthesized composite ceramics demonstrated promising properties, their overall quality remained lower than that of commercially manufactured ceramic materials.