Fabrication of Bioceramic Carbonated Hydroxyapatite–Chitosan Composite Scaffold Derived from River Snail Shells via Freeze-Drying for Bone Grafting Applications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23960/jemit.374Keywords:
bone tissue engineering, carbonated hydroxyapatite, chitosan, freeze-drying, scaffoldAbstract
The prevalence of bone fractures in Indonesia has increased by up to 8.5%, making cost-effective biomaterial alternatives for bone grafting applications necessary. This study aims to synthesize a hydroxyapatite carbonate (CHAp) composite scaffold from river snail shells (Semisulcospira libertina) and chitosan via freeze drying for bone tissue engineering applications. The shells were calcined at 1000°C to produce CaO, which was then synthesized into CHAp via a precipitation method with a Ca:P:CO3 molar ratio of 1.67:1:1. The CHAp/chitosan scaffold was fabricated at a 2:1 (w/w) ratio using freeze drying at -80°C for 72 hours. Characterization was performed using XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and mechanical and degradation testing. XRD results showed that CHAp formed according to the JCPDS No. 09-0432 standard, exhibiting 85.61% crystallinity, a crystal size of 17.07 nm, and type B carbonate substitution. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of PO4(3-), CO3(2-), and OH(-) groups. SEM-EDX analysis revealed a Ca/P ratio of 1.74 and a carbonate content of 4.06%. The scaffold has a porous structure with pore sizes ranging from 3.6 to 14 um. It has a compressive strength of 0.255 MPa, a maximum strain of 70.71%, and a gradual degradation profile reaching 40.79% in 48 hours. These results demonstrate that the CHAp/chitosan scaffold fabricated from river snail shells has physicochemical and mechanical properties suitable for bone grafting applications. This material offers a sustainable, cost-effective alternative for bone tissue regeneration.
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