Design and Build Entry Access Restriction System Laboratory Using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Keypad Technology

The laboratory access restriction system has been realized using RFID and keypad technology, based on an Arduino microcontroller as a processor. The system has recorded users who entered the room by identifying the RFID tag (transponder) used to open the door from the outside. As for access outside the room, the user only needs to enter the password as identification data on the keypad, and the system would reduce the number of room users and open the door. The output of this system was a solenoid lock which functions as an electronic lock and an LCD to display the status of the RFID reading. The test results showed that the system created can work well. RFID Reader was able to read tags with a maximum distance of 4 cm. The program counter functions well, so the number of users was limited to 15 (50% of the maximum capacity).


Introduction
The need to carry out social and physical distancing to stop the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019  makes the world of education unable to carry out short-distance educational activities (Darmawan et al., 2020). It also affects educational activities such as research and practicum, which can only be done in the laboratory. The laboratory is a place to carry out various practicum activities, research, observation, training, and scientific testing as an approach between theory and practice from various disciplines (Decaprio, 2013). One way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is to limit the use of space to a maximum of 50% (fifty percent) of the occupancy capacity of the room/class/laboratory and a maximum of 25 (twenty-five) people (Nizam, 2021). Therefore, we need a technology that can be used on the door as a laboratory access system to maintain security and limit the number of laboratory users.
The technology that can be applied to doors as laboratory access systems is electronic devices that function as electronic locks. According to Ramady & Juliana (2019), electronic locks are more efficient and secure than conventional locks. Some of the applications of the technology used as an access tool or electronic key input such as Arrizal et al., 2022/ J. Energy Mater. Instrum. Technol. Vol. 3 No. 2, 2022 smart cards (smartcards) (Tawakal & Ramdhani, 2021), passwords or Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) (Suwartika & Sembada, 2020), QR code (Hazarah, 2017), fingerprint (Febriyanto, Padeli, & Suprayogi, 2019;Simanihuruk, 2020), voice (Prakasa, 2017), temperature (Margarini, Suciyati, Surtono, & Pauzi, 2021) up to face detection (Sandar & Oo, 2019). Electronic lock technology that can be easily applied to laboratory doors to limit and secure and identify users is a smart card. Card reader technology currently being developed as a fundamental electronic model with data identification method is Radio Frequency Identification (RFID).
Research on RFID that has been carried out includes a door security system using e-KTP and PIN. E-KTP is included in the type of smartcard that can be operated electronically through an RFID reader as an informed reader. The addition of PIN input as a second level of security to anticipate the possibility of misuse of e-KTP by others for access to enter the room while opening the door from inside and out of the room is enough to use a push-button. (Wendanto, Salim, & Putra, 2019) . However, there is no limit to the number of people using the room. Develop a security system from previous research, namely by limiting the number of room users and registering users who access the door. Based on the description above, research has been carried out on designing a laboratory access barrier system using RFID and keypad technology. The system records users who enter the room by identifying the RFID tag (transponder) used to open the door from the outside. As for access outside the room, the user only needs to enter the password as identification data on the keypad, and the system will reduce the number of room users and open doors.

Research Methods
The tools and materials used in this research are, Personal Computer (PC), power supply, soldering iron, multimeter, Arduino Mega and Arduino IDE, solenoid lock module, MFRC 522 RFID reader and RFID tag, 4x4 keypad, 5V relay, 16x2 LCD, jumpers and acrylic.
The design of the entry access barrier system in this study is to connect the MFRC522 RFID reader, 4x4 keypad, solenoid lock, and 16x2 LCD with the Arduino board. The RFID reader MFRC522 as a room entry access sensor, functions to read and identify tags and match the RFID data stored in the program. Keypad 4x4 as an opener to access the room serves to identify the entered password. Furthermore, as a programmed processor, Arduino will give orders to the system to activate the relay to apply voltage to the solenoid lock so that the access system is open. In comparison, the 16x2 LCD is a data viewer whether the tag can access the barrier system or not. The block diagram of this system is shown in Figure 1. Based on the block diagram in Figure 1, the overall circuit needed to manufacture the tool is shown in Figure  2. The MFRC522 reader is used to read or detect nearby RFID tags. After that, the counter will count the number of users accessing the room divider system. MFRC522 has eight pins on the reader, 5 of which are connected to the Arduino Mega digital pin, one pin for ground, and one pin for power / VCC. The configuration of the MFRC522 pin reader with Arduino is shown in Table  1.

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Arrizal A A, Suciyati S W, Surtono A, and Pauzi G A, 2022, Design and Build Entry Access Restriction System Laboratory Using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Keypad Technology, Journal of Energy, Material, and Instrumentation Technology Vol. 3 No. 2, 2022 The 16x2 LCD is used as an interface to display the standby condition of the device and when the device reads input from the MFRC522. The 16x2 LCD used is equipped with an I2C module, so it only requires four pins connected to Arduino. In the circuit shown in Figure 2, it is shown that the LCD has been equipped with an I2C module, so it only requires four pins to be connected to Arduino. The Arduino pin configuration with an LCD equipped with an I2C module is shown in Table 2.

Results and Discussions
The room restriction system limits the number of users by 50% of the capacity. The realization of the room access barrier system is shown in Figure 3. The system consists of 2 main parts: the entry access control system using RFID sensors and the outgoing access control system using the keypad. The hardware in this barrier system is a series of RFID readers, a series of keypads, and an Arduino microcontroller. The RFID reader circuit, as a room entry sensor, serves to identify the tag and match it with the RFID data stored in the program. The series of keypads as opening access to the exit door serves to identify the entered password with the password stored in the program. The Arduino microcontroller processes the sensor input results to control the relay to give or not apply voltage to the solenoid lock so that the door lock will open or close the room access. The software functions to read and match data from RFID sensor readings and n a keypad with data stored in the program, which will then give an order to activate the solenoid lock so that the access to the room door lock will open and count the number of visitors, then display the number of visitors on the LCD. The characteristics of the MFRC522 module are known after testing the readings by the MFRC522 reader with and without barriers. The counter data retrieval that has been carried out is shown in Figure 4. The counter is running successfully when access is entered via RFID scanning, and the maximum limit is 15 users, assuming the maximum number of laboratory capacities before being limited is 30 people. Arrizal et al., 2022/ J. Energy Mater. Instrum. Technol. Vol. 3 No. 2, 2022  After reaching 15 users, room access will be closed and reopened if anyone leaves the room using a password on the keypad, reducing the counter. Data retrieval when it has reached 15 users that have been carried out is shown in Figure 5. When the number of users has reached the maximum limit (15 users), and some users want to enter, the access will be denied, the door will be locked, and the LCD will display the message 'Locked Room, Full Capacity' as shown in Figure 5.

Barrier-free MFRC522 Reader Test
The test aims to determine the reading distance and the ability to pass through barriers that the MFRC522 RFID reader can reach. The reading distance test was carried out ten times at each distance by bringing the tag and reader closer together in a parallel position. The tag is brought close to the reader slowly from a distance of 10 cm to 0 cm, then see the response whether the reader has read the tag by paying attention to the serial monitor. If the tag is read, the serial monitor will display the tag's ID. The results of the MFRC522 reader test data are shown in Table 3. Table 3. Reader reading distance capability.

No
Distance (

MFRC522 Reader Test with Barrier
The next test is the reader's reading when given a barrier. This aims to determine the reader's reading ability when blocked by objects with certain materials. The perimeter of the barrier used is the circumference of the tag so that the barrier will completely cover the entire part of the tag. The thickness of the barrier used varies, but the distance between the tag and the reader is uniform, with the reader's reading ability without a barrier which is 4 cm. The RFID test data using the barrier is shown in Table 4. Based on the data in Table 4, at a distance of 4 cm with a barrier, the reader can read/detect the types of barriers made of acrylic, multiplex, and leather wallets. While the barrier with an iron plate, the reader is not able to read The datasheet explains that the scanning distance capability can reach a distance of 10 cm with a voltage of 3.3 V. The reading distance in this study is only able to read as far as 4 cm, even though the reading distance is as far as 4 cm. is good enough, because the tags used are passive.

RFID testing and counter ++
This test tests the counter ++ program when the user accesses the room door lock using a tag that is brought close to the reader. If the registered tag is brought closer to the reader, the desired response is that the door lock access will open, and the counter variable will increase by 1. The counter will continue to increase until it reaches 15 users. After the number of users in the room reaches the maximum, the system will stop counter ++, and door lock access will be closed. The RFID and counter ++ testing results are shown in Table 5.  Table 5 shows that the registered tag can open the door lock access and instruct the counter program to increase the variable by 1. Thus, counter ++ is working well and can then be used to limit room access when the room visitors have reached 15 people.

Password and counter testing --
Password testing aims to test the suitability of the input password keypad with passwords stored in the Arduino program. User password testing data is shown in Table 6.  Table 6 shows the compatibility between the buttons on the keypad and the passwords stored in the program. When the password is entered correctly, access will be accepted, and the room door lock will open, then the counter on the program will decrease by 1. On the other hand, if the password is entered incorrectly, access will be denied, and the door lock will not open. When the user enters the wrong password three times in a row, the door will be locked for 30 seconds before being able to enter the password again.